This thesis examines nuclear fuel waste disposal policies through an equity lens in an attempt to gain an understanding of social norms related to the use of nuclear energy. Globalization has impacted waste disposal policies because waste shipments became feasible and inexpensive, allowing waste to be shipped throughout the world. While governments have come together to address issues of hazardous waste shipments, nuclear disposal still needs to be examined. The transformation of social norms against the disposal of hazardous waste in third world countries or lower economic areas forced governments to take a stand by creating strict laws and forming international organizations. This same change in social norms has not yet occurred at an international level for the disposal of nuclear fuel waste.
To examine these issues, disposal policies of the European Union (EU), member countries of the EU, Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC), and Newly Independent States (NIS) were analyzed based on principles of equity. Equitable policies were analyzed for current generations related to the siting process, and for future generations based on minimization policies, waste management funds, and final disposal facilities. Results showed that equity has become a social norm at the EU level, but not in individual member states. These countries are utilizing equitable principles, but all decisions are not based on equity and a desire to protect the environment and citizens. Member country’s economic stability allows waste management authorities to utilize expensive methods such as waste minimization strategies and high-tech siting processes. CEEC, or EU applicant countries, have not developed equitable policies and are making changes in legislation purely to appease the EU because of the incentive of joining the EU. Finally, NIS are stuck in nuclear waste policies of the 1960’s and 1970’s that are inequitable and unjust. Their policies fail to protect citizens or the environment from the hazards associated with nuclear fuel waste. In addition, the economic problems of CEEC and NIS make it difficult for their governments to justify the use of funds for nuclear waste disposal programs while social norms are not present, and issues such as education and infrastructure are in dire need of funding.
However, this seems to represent a start to changes related to social norms. Over time, social norms throughout the world may change to focus on creating an equitable situation for the disposal of nuclear fuel waste. These changes will most likely spread from the EU to member countries and then to applicant countries. Finally, social norms may spread to impoverished countries such as NIS. This process, if it occurs, will make nuclear power an equitable process for energy production, since citizens and the environment will be protected. However, these changes will take time, as social norms need to permeate through societies and be accepted by governments and citizens.